三论灾害防御能力的基本定义与特征

综合灾害防御能力评估已成为应急管理业务和研究的重要内容之一。在前期研究基础上,首先从近年来灾害系统的复杂性特征和应急管理的需求角度出发,对综合灾害防御能力进行了再理解,然后对现有灾害防御能力的多属性综合评估方法进行了梳理总结。以气象灾害为例,通过68项指标构建了我国综合气象灾害防御能力的6个单项指标体系,即制度适应能力、风险识别能力、备灾与应急响应能力、技术与工程防御能力、经济支撑与减灾保障能力和部门联动与社会保障能力。采用数据包络分析方法,从省级尺度定量评估了我国31个省级行政单元的单项气象灾害防御能力和综合气象灾害防御能力,并进行了能力排名。结果发现我国多数省份的单项气象灾害防御能力和综合气象灾害防御能力偏低,且具有不同的区域差异特征。其中制度适应能力、风险识别能力、备灾与应急响应能力、技术与工程防御能力、经济支撑与减灾保障能力、部门联动与社会保障能力和综合气象灾害防御能力处于中等及以下低等级的省份占比分别达到了70.9%、38.7%、32.3%、77.4%、67.7%、51.6%和77.4%。我国综合灾害防御能力与经济社会发展水平不匹配,仍有进一步较大的提升空间。     

On the effectiveness of mitigation strategies for cryogenic applications

The need for sustainable energy sources, as well as the current energetic crisis involving the majority of markets, has promoted the use of cryogenic liquefaction for the transportation and storage of natural gas (i.e., LNG). To guarantee the development of a robust and safe infrastructure, a complete understanding of the main phenomena occurring at low temperatures is paramount. In this sense, the largest grey areas are the characterization of the combustion at low-initial temperature and the interactions between water and cryogenic liquid. For these reasons, this work presents an experimental campaign on the possible mitigation strategies for the mitigation of consequences related to the accidental release of LNG. Particular emphasis was posed on the direct and indirect effects of water on cryogenic pool fire. The former resulted in a significant increase in the dimensions of fire (∼+50%) and burning rate (∼300%) with respect to the case with no direct contact between water and LNG, whereas the latter generated an abrupt decrease in the measured temperatures (<100 °C). The use of an emergency flare to empty an LNG tank was tested, as well. The spatial distribution of temperature was monitored along with the time to guarantee the safe operability of this equipment in the case of LNG combustion. The explanations for the observed phenomena and trends were provided, allowing for the development of safe procedures for the emergency response related to cryogenic fuels.     

公共池塘资源可持续管理的理论框架

由于自然科学和社会科学的学科视角和研究方法各异,使得我们对公共池塘资源管理问题的理解不够系统和全面。论文在综述公共池塘资源和社会-生态系统管理理论的基础上,辨析了公共池塘资源和社会-生态系统的概念;从识别影响公共池塘资源可持续管理的变量出发,梳理了社会-生态系统分析框架的演变及其局限性,指出社会-生态系统可持续发展分析框架为地理学、 生态学、 经济学、 自然资源学、 社会学等学科的交流和融合提供了统一的平台,并为资源管理、 政策分析和案例比较分析等的理论和方法提供了新的研究思路。该框架对现阶段我国资源管理政策的制定有重要借鉴意义。     

我国VOCs污染治理监管存在的问题及对策

VOCs是细颗粒物(PM_2.5)和臭氧(O3)形成的重要前体物,通过梳理我国VOCs治理相关的法律、政策、标准,并结合重点区域的调研情况,分析了我国VOCs治理监管存在的法律法规与标准体系不健全、执法监管能力建设不足、企业全过程精细化管控不到位等问题,提出应进一步健全法律法规与标准体系,建立智能监管技术与人工智能应用体系,加强全过程精细化管控等对策建议。     

Official and folk flood warning systems: An assessment

Recent floods in West Bengal, India, focused public attention on the inadequacies of the flood warning system. This study examines some socioeconomic constraints on the communication of flood warning messages. It then looks at perceptions of, and responses by, villagers in a flood-prone region of West Bengal to official and folk flood warnings.The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation.     

HIPS阻燃复合材料三元潜在火灾危险性评价

将高抗冲聚苯乙烯树脂颗粒(纳米/微米级)、十溴二苯乙烷颗粒、三氧化二锑、弹性体、分散剂和偶联剂通过一步熔融共混工艺先行制备UL94 V-0级阻燃母粒,再将其与HIPS本体树脂按不同比例混合制得阻燃复合材料,并利用极限氧指数(LOI)、垂直燃烧(UL94)及ISO 5660锥形量热计三项测试表征制得样品的燃烧和火灾性能,从中提炼和分析LOI、垂直燃烧等级和最大热释放速率(Pk HRR)等三元关键指标相关性,给出了定性定量相结合的潜在火灾危险性分级范围。结果表明:UL94燃烧等级和Pk HRR相关性体现为当Pk HRR≤330.0 k W/m~2时,试样UL94等级均为V-0级;UL94燃烧等级和LOI相关性体现为随UL94燃烧等级从V-0降到HB时,试样LOI从27.0降到17.0;Pk HRR与LOI相关性体现为Pk HRR与LOI呈粗略反向线性相关性;UL94燃烧等级、Pk HRR和LOI三元相关性体现为当LOI22.0、Pk HRR为399.0~665.0 k W/m~2时,材料UL94燃烧等级介于HB~V-2。     

Effects of disinfection efficiency on microbial communities and corrosion processes in drinking water distribution systems simulated with actual running conditions

The effects of disinfection efficiency on microbial communities and the corrosion of cast iron pipes in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) were studied. Two annular reactors (ARs) that simulated actual running conditions with UV/Cl₂ disinfection and chlorination alone were used. High chlorine consumption and corrosion rate were found in the AR with UV/Cl₂. According to functional genes and pyrosequencing tests, a high percentage of iron recycling bacteria was detected within the biofilm of the AR with Cl₂ at early running stage, whereas siderophore-producing bacteria were dominant in the biofilm of the AR with UV/Cl_2. At the early running stage, the sequential use of UV light and an initial high chlorine dosage suppressed the biomass and iron-recycling bacteria in both bulk water and biofilms, thereby forming less protective scales against further corrosion, which enhanced chlorine consumption. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis showed that the bacterial communities in the ARs shaped from within rather than being imported by influents. These results indicate that the initial high disinfection efficiency within the distribution system had not contributed to the accumulation of iron-recycling bacteria at the early running stages. This study offer certain implications for controlling corrosion and water quality in DWDSs.     

Effects of O3/Cl2 disinfection on corrosion and opportunistic pathogens growth in drinking water distribution systems

The effects of O_3/Cl_2 disinfection on corrosion and the growth of opportunistic pathogens in drinking water distribution systems were studied using annular reactors(ARs).The corrosion process and most probable number(MPN) analysis indicated that the higher content of iron-oxidizing bacteria and iron-reducing bacteria in biofilms of the AR treated with O_3/Cl_2 induced higher Fe_3O_4 formation in corrosion scales.These corrosion scales became more stable than the ones that formed in the AR treated with Cl_2 alone.O_3/Cl_2 disinfection inhibited corrosion and iron release efficiently by changing the content of corrosion-related bacteria.Moreover,ozone disinfection inactivated or damaged the opportunistic pathogens due to its strong oxidizing properties.The damaged bacteria resulting from initial ozone treatment were inactivated by the subsequent chlorine disinfection.Compared with the AR treated with Cl_2 alone,the opportunistic pathogens M.avium and L.pneumophila were not detectable in effluents of the AR treated with O_3/Cl_2,and decreased to(4.60 ± 0.14) and(3.09 ± 0.12) log10(gene copies/g corrosion scales) in biofilms,respectively.The amoeba counts were also lower in the AR treated with O_3/Cl_2.Therefore,O_3/C_l2 disinfection can effectively control opportunistic pathogens in effluents and biofilms of an AR used as a model for a drinking water distribution system.     

生物滞留对城市地表径流磷的去除途径

根据武汉城市地表径流水文变化以及磷污染特征,通过1 a模拟运行监测,研究了生物滞留种植植物(狼尾草)、设置饱和带对城市地表径流溶解性磷(PO3-4-P)去除的影响及去除途径.结果表明,生物滞留采用75%河砂与25%当地黄棕壤混合基质,对地表径流PO3-4-P的平均去除率可达到90%以上.生物滞留种植狼尾草可显著降低出水PO3-4-P浓度.生物滞留设置饱和带可进一步提高对PO3-4-P的去除,不影响出水TP浓度.生物滞留通过基质吸附去除地表径流中的磷,表现为0~22.5 cm基质剖面中植物有效磷的增加,约占试验期间进水磷负荷的50%.从生物滞留系统磷输入(进水)与输出(出水与植物地上部分)角度分析,种植狼尾草一个生长周期地上部分吸收的磷可占进水磷负荷57.1%~76.1%,定期收割植物地上部分可作为城市地表径流磷可持续管理的主要途径.     

纳米零价铁强化微生物电催化-厌氧膜生物组合反应器抗膜污染能力及其调控机制

膜污染是厌氧膜生物反应器（anaerobic membrane bioreactor,AnMBR）产业化应用面临的最大挑战.本研究构建新型微生物电催化（bio-electrochemical systems,BES）-AnMBR组合反应器,以探究纳米零价铁（nano-zero-valent iron,nZVI）投加对BES-AnMBR组合系统膜污染削减和甲烷产生等性能的影响.结果表明,BES-AnMBR组合系统运行稳定,COD去除率一直维持在95%左右.nZVI投加量（以VS计）为0.1 g ·g^-1时,运行性能最佳,跨膜压差（transmembrane pressure,TMP）较对照组降低28.1%,膜通量亦有轻微增加;甲烷产量为81.3 mL ·g^-1（以COD_removed计）,较对照组提高了12.1%.胞外聚合物（extracellular polymeric substance,EPS）变化和膜阻过滤分析表明,nZVI可以加强EPS分解,促进膜表面无机和有机富铁结垢层形成,改善膜污染分布特征,从而显著缓解膜污染.本研究将丰富传统AnMBR的基础理论,为污泥处理与资源化利用提供了新视角.